In his ambitious working paper, “How Can India Create More Jobs and Achieve Viksit Bharat 2047?”, economist Ejaz Ghani (my friend and contemporary from JNU) offers a forensic diagnosis of India’s “Jobs Paradox,” an economy marching ahead while hundreds of millions of young people remain jobless or trapped in low-productivity work.
Drawing on firm-level data, Ghani identifies “structural brakes” such as the “collateral trap” (land-tied credit), “regulatory dwarfism” (stunted firm growth), and the “triple tax” on women (safety, care, and institutional barriers).
His blueprint proposes a “New Social Compact” powered by Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for Information-based Lending (IBL), a portable “Mobility Shield” for welfare, and a National Jobs Council to align incentives.
The analysis is sharp, but it reflects a familiar elite gaze, economists and policymakers peering at poverty through distant, romanticised lenses of empathy or abstraction.
Too often, they imagine the poor as variables in a logical frame, as if human lives could be reduced to equations. Born with talent equal to theirs but denied opportunity, the poor are told to “skill up,” when what they truly needed was quality education that could have transformed not just their individual world, but the nation’s trajectory. In this arithmetic of reform, people risk becoming numbers.
As an observer who champions individual empowerment over top-down fixes, I applaud Ghani’s emphasis on young firms as job creators (accounting for 45per cent of net new jobs) and his call to shift from asset-based to data-driven finance.
Yet the firm-centric lens risks treating citizens as cogs in an economic machine. From a people’s perspective, true progress demands prioritising education and technology not as supporting acts, but as the lead protagonists of inclusive growth.
Without empowering individuals with universal, quality-driven education and digital tools, Ghani’s reforms could entrench inequalities, leaving the demographic dividend as a mirage. Viksit Bharat isn’t about hitting $30 trillion GDP; it is about dignity, opportunity, and self-reliance for 1.5 billion Indians.
Ghani’s critique of the “Industrial Engine” myth is analytically precise. He rightly notes that mature firms (>10 years old) are net job destroyers (-3.5 per cent creation rate), while services dominate at 55 per cent of GDP. But this macro view glosses over the human stories beneath.
Consider the 20 per cent unemployment rate among female graduates—a statistic Ghani cites but underplays. These aren’t abstract “factor misallocations”; they are real women like Leelawati’s daughter Priya from rural Uttar Pradesh, who invests years in a degree only to face the “Graduate Paradox,” retreating to unpaid home duties due to unsafe commutes and childcare gaps.
A liberal critique insists we view this not merely as market failure, but as a rights violation. Women’s exclusion is not just inefficiency; it is a denial of agency in a nation where half the population shoulders disproportionate burdens.
Here, education emerges as the ultimate liberator. Ghani touches on “future-fit skills,” advocating vocational training in green tech and AI. But he treats human capital as a supporting act rather than the star.
Liberals argue education must be the foundation—universal, people-centred, and quality-driven. India’s gross enrollment ratio in higher education hovers at 28 per cent, but quality is abysmal: over 50 per cent of graduates are deemed unemployable by industry surveys.
Imagine redirecting resources from firm subsidies (like the Rs 2 lakh crore Production Linked Incentive scheme) toward a “Skills Revolution.” Community-led curricula, co-designed with locals, could emphasise critical thinking, digital literacy, and entrepreneurship.
A World Bank study shows each additional year of schooling boosts earnings by 10 per cent in developing economies. Kerala, with near-universal literacy, boasts lower unemployment (7.4 per cent) and higher female participation (23 per cent) than the national average. Bihar’s low education rates correlate with 13 per cent joblessness. Ghani’s “Phoenix Dividend” for green jobs (35 million projected) is promising, but without mass upskilling, there won’t be enough roles and what will be there will go to a privileged few.
Technology, Ghani’s “Technological Bypass,” is another half-measure. He envisions DPI enabling IBL via Aadhaar, UPI, and GSTN, democratizing credit for MSMEs. This is innovative—UPI’s 10 billion monthly transactions prove India’s digital leap. Yet technology must empower individuals, not just firms. Ghani overlooks the digital divide: 67 per cent of Indians lack internet access, with rural women at 75 per cent disconnection.
His IBL assumes a “digital footprint,” but what of the street vendor without a smartphone or the farmer without GST registration? This risks creating a “Credit Apartheid 2.0,” where the digitally savvy thrive while others languish.
A robust liberal alternative: make key technologies like the internet, UPI, etc, a universal right. Expand Ghani’s “Mobility Shield” into a “Digital Citizenship Guarantee”—free data, community Wi-Fi, and AI tutors for all.
Finland’s 95 per cent broadband penetration shows how connectivity fuels innovation. In India, ed-tech platforms like Edufront have reached millions, but affordability barriers persist. Subsidise them via public-private partnerships, integrating with Ghani’s OCEN to let personal data (e.g., learning app progress) serve as “skills collateral” for micro-loans.
This flips the script: technology isn’t a bypass for elites; it’s a ladder for the masses, enabling a tailor in Bihar to access global markets or a homemaker to upskill remotely, shattering the “Triple Tax.”
Ghani’s regulatory reforms—easing the “Missing Middle” via sandboxes—are welcome, but they prioritise firm scale over worker rights. Deregulation must pair with safeguards: universal basic income pilots or portable pensions to cushion automation’s blow. Education and tech amplify this—AI-resilient training ensures workers aren’t displaced but augmented, as in Singapore’s SkillsFuture program, which has upskilled 500,000 citizens.
Politically, Ghani’s National Jobs Council is a step toward cooperative federalism, but isn’t that furthering centralism? Liberals may advocate grassroots involvement: “town halls” where workers, not just economists, shape policies. His 100-day roadmap for the PMO is top-down; why not a “People’s Jobs Charter” crowdsourced via apps, ensuring reforms reflect lived realities?
Ultimately, Ghani’s blueprint is a solid scaffold, but it needs a human soul. By centring education and technology, we empower individuals to create their own “Gazingas”—not as firm owners alone, but as innovators, workers, and citizens. This liberal vision promises not just jobs, but justice: an India where Priya doesn’t face a “U-shaped” employment curve, but soars on wings of knowledge and connectivity.
The path to 2047 isn’t through bypassing brakes; it’s through equipping every Indian to drive the change. That is the true dividend—people-powered, inclusive, and unstoppable.
Source – https://www.businessworld.in/article/education-and-technology-are-india-s-real-jobs-engines-584920